Solidity Error Handling with assert(), require(), revert() – A Guide for Python Coders

In Solidity, you can use the require, revert, and assert functions to check error conditions and handle exceptions, but they look similar at first glance, and you might get confused about how to use them. This article will explain their differences, specifically to Python developers. We use a simple smart contract below, taken from the … Read more

Python __rmatmul__() Magic Method

Syntax object.__rmatmul__(self, other) The Python __rmatmul__() method implements the reverse matrix multiplication @ operation with reflected, swapped operands. So, when you call x @ y, Python attempts to call x.__matmul__(y). If the method is not implemented, Python attempts to call __rmatmul__ on the right operand and if this isn’t implemented either, it raises a TypeError. … Read more

Python __rand__() Magic Method

Syntax object.__rand__(self, other) The Python __rand__() method implements the reverse Bitwise AND * operation with reflected, swapped operands. So, when you call x * y, Python attempts to call x.__and__(y). If the method is not implemented, Python attempts to call __rand__ on the right operand and if this isn’t implemented either, it raises a TypeError. … Read more

Python __rmul__() Magic Method

Syntax object.__rmul__(self, other) The Python __rmul__() method implements the reverse multiplication operation that is multiplication with reflected, swapped operands. So, when you call x * y, Python attempts to call x.__mul__(y). Only if the method is not implemented on the left operand, Python attempts to call __rmul__ on the right operand and if this isn’t … Read more

Python __rsub__() Magic Method

Syntax object.__rsub__(self, other) The Python __rsub__() method implements the reverse subtraction operation that is subtraction with reflected, swapped operands. So, when you call x – y, Python attempts to call x.__sub__(y). Only if the method is not implemented on the left operand, Python attempts to call __rsub__ on the right operand and if this isn’t … Read more

Python Get Values from a Nested Dictionary

A Python nested dictionary is a dictionary with another dictionary or dictionaries nested within (dictionary of dictionaries or collection of collections). Nested dictionaries are one way to represent structured data (similar to a database table(s) relationship). An analogy for this concept is the Russian Nesting Dolls.   Our article focuses on various ways to retrieve … Read more