A Python nested dictionary is a dictionary with another dictionary or dictionaries nested within (dictionary of dictionaries or collection of collections). Nested dictionaries are one way to represent structured data (similar to a database table(s) relationship). An analogy for this concept is the Russian Nesting Dolls. Our article focuses on various ways to retrieve … Read more
The Python dictionary is a structure used to store data. This data type is appropriate when the data needs to contain labels (unique keys) associated with a value (key:value). Python lists are not able to handle this format. The list(s) will require conversion to a dictionary format (key:value). There are various ways to accomplish this … Read more
Syntax object.__radd__(self, other) The Python __radd__() method implements the reverse addition operation that is addition with reflected, swapped operands. So, when you call x + y, Python attempts to call x.__add__(y). Only if the method is not implemented on the left operrand, Python attempts to call __radd__ on the right operand and if this isn’t … Read more
Syntax object.__rxor__(self, other) The Python __rxor__() method implements the reverse Bitwise XOR ^ operation with reflected, swapped operands. So, when you call x ^ y, Python attempts to call x.__xor__(y). If the method is not implemented, Python attempts to call __rxor__ on the right operand and if this isn’t implemented either, it raises a TypeError. … Read more
Syntax object.__xor__(self, other) The Python __xor__() method implements the built-in Bitwise XOR ^ operation. So, when you cal x ^ y, Python attempts to call x.__xor__(y). If the method is not implemented, Python first attempts to call __rxor__ on the right operand and if this isn’t implemented either, it raises a TypeError. We call this … Read more
In this tutorial, we are covering the Pandas functions loc() and iloc() which are used for data selection operations on dataframes. By using the loc() function, we access a group of rows and/or columns based on their respective labels, whereas the iloc() function is an integer-location-based way to access these groups. Getting values with the … Read more
Python defines the dictionary data type as an unordered collection that contains key:value pairs. The key:value pairs (separated by commas) are wrapped inside curly braces ({}). Each key inside the dictionary must be unique and immutable. Dictionary keys can be one of the following data types: integer, string, or tuple. Dictionary keys can not … Read more
In unit tests, you would want to focus on the code you want to test and avoid dealing with external dependencies that your code might be using. Or, your program might have external dependencies that are not available at the time of the test. In these situations, you can use mocks in your tests. This … Read more
Sometimes when we try to find a WebElement from the HTML code by using the find method of selenium, we might see a NoSuchElementException or Unable to locate element error on the terminal. But it is crystal clear from the HTML code that the element is present on that page. So, why does that happen? … Read more
If we want to move down to a page or want to search for something on a page that is not in view, we use scrolling to reach there. Is it possible to scroll a page automatically with selenium? Selenium‘s main feature does not have an option for scrolling. But we can achieve it with … Read more
Syntax object.__or__(self, other) The Python __or__() method implements the built-in Bitwise OR | operation. So, when you cal x | y, Python attempts to call x.__or__(y). If the method is not implemented, Python first attempts to call __ror__ on the right operand and if this isn’t implemented either, it raises a TypeError. We call this … Read more
Syntax object.__and__(self, other) The Python __and__() method implements the built-in Bitwise AND & operation. So, when you cal x & y, Python attempts to call x.__and__(y). If the method is not implemented, Python first attempts to call __rand__ on the right operand and if this isn’t implemented either, it raises a TypeError. We call this … Read more