Syntax object.__invert__(self) The Python __invert__() method implements the unary arithmetic operation bitwise NOT ~. So, when you cal ~x, Python will internally call x.__invert__() to obtain the inverted object. If the method is not implemented, Python will raise a TypeError. We call this a “Dunder Method” for “Double Underscore Method” (also called “magic method”). To … Read more
Syntax object.__int__(x) The Python __int__() method implements the built-in int() function. So, when you call int(x), Python attempts to call x.__int__(). If the return value is not an integer, Python will raise a TypeError. If it’s not implemented, Python attempts to call x.__index__() instead, and only if this is not implemented either, it raises a … Read more
Syntax object.__float__(x) The Python __float__() method implements the built-in float() function. So, when you call float(x), Python attempts to call x.__float__(). If the return value is not a float, Python will raise a TypeError. If x.__float__() is not implemented, Python attempts to call x.__index__() first and only if this is not implemented either, it raises … Read more
Python’s __index__(self) method is called on an object to get its associated integer value. The returned integer is used in slicing or as the basis for the conversion in the built-in functions bin(), hex(), and oct(). The __index__() method is also used as a fallback for int(), float(), and complex() functions when their corresponding magic … Read more
The Problem TypeError: ‘…’ object cannot be interpreted as an integer If you’re reading this article, chances are that you have been thinking something along those lines: Given a custom class My_Class. You want to override the behavior of the built-in oct(x) function in Python when calling it on a My_Class object x. You know … Read more
The Problem TypeError: ‘…’ object cannot be interpreted as an integer If you’re reading this article, chances are that you have been thinking something along those lines: Given a custom class My_Class. You want to override the behavior of the built-in hex(x) function in Python when calling it on a My_Class object x. You know … Read more
Syntax object.__hash__(x) The Python __hash__() method implements the built-in hash() function. So, when you cal hash(x), Python attempts to call x.__hash__(). If the return value is not an integer or the x.__hash__() method is not defined, Python will raise a TypeError. We call this a “Dunder Method” for “Double Underscore Method” (also called “magic method”). … Read more
Syntax object.__complex__(x) The Python __complex__() method implements the built-in complex() function. So, when you cal complex(x), Python attempts to call x.__complex__(). If the return value is not a complex number or the x.__complex__() method is not defined for an object on which you call complex(x), Python will raise a TypeError. We call this a “Dunder … Read more
Syntax object.__bytes__(self) The Python __bytes__() method implements the built-in bytes() function. So, when you cal bytes(x), Python attempts to call x.__bytes__(). If the return value is not a Bytes object or the x.__bytes__() method is not defined for an object on which you call bytes(x), Python will raise a TypeError. We call this a “Dunder … Read more
Syntax object.__bool__(self) The Python __bool__() method implements the built-in bool() function. So, when you cal bool(x), Python attempts to call x.__bool__(). If the return value is not a Boolean, Python raises a TypeError. We call this a “Dunder Method” for “Double Underscore Method” (also called “magic method”). To get a list of all dunder methods … Read more
The __await__() magic method defines the behavior of an awaitable object. An awaitable object is used to implement asynchronous behavior in Python. For example, you can implement an asynchronous function that waits for the data based to access some data like so (see source): Syntax __await__() object.__await__(self) The __await__() method must return an iterator. Otherwise, … Read more
Syntax object.__ixor__(self, other) The Python __ixor__() magic method implements the in-place bitwise XOR x ^= y that calculates the result of the bitwise XOR operation x ^ y, and assigns it to the first operands’ variable x. This type of in-place operation is also called augmented arithmetic assignment. The method simply returns the new value … Read more