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[Fixed] Unknown label type: ‘continuous’ in sklearn LogisticRegression

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Summary: Use SKLearn’s LogisticRegression Model for classification problems only. The Y variable is a category (e.g., binary [0,1]), not continuous (e.g. float numbers 3.4, 7.9). If the Y variable is non-categorical (i.e., continuous), the potential fixes are as follows. Re-examine the data. Try to encode the continuous Y variable into categories (e.g., use SKLearn’s LabelEncoder preprocessor). Re-examine … Read more

[Fixed] ImportError: No module named requests

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[toc] Problem Formulation: How to fix ImportError: No module named requests in Python? You might be working on a web scraping project and want to import the requests library and check the status of the response. However, as soon as you try to execute your code, Python throws ImportError as shown below. Example: Output: ✨ The Requests Library … Read more

[Solved] TypeError: A Bytes-Like object Is Required, not ‘str’

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[toc] Introduction Objective: In this tutorial, our goal is to fix the following exception TypeError: A Bytes-Like object Is Required, not ‘str’ and also discuss similar exceptions along with their solutions. Example: Consider the following file ‘scores.txt’which contains scores of some random candidates. Now, let us try to access the score obtained by Ravi from … Read more

[Solved] NumPy RuntimeWarning: All-NaN slice encountered

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Problem Formulation You use NumPy’s np.nanmedian() function in your code that is supposed to ignore NaN values when computing the mean of a NumPy array. But when using it, NumPy raises a RuntimeWarning: All-NaN slice encountered message: What is the reason for this warning and how to fix it? Solution + Explanation The reason this … Read more

[Solved] NumPy RuntimeWarning: Mean of empty slice

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Problem Formulation You use NumPy’s np.nanmean() function in your code that is supposed to ignore NaN values when computing the mean of a NumPy array. But when using it, NumPy raises a RuntimeWarning: Mean of empty slice message: What is the reason for this warning and how to fix it? Solution + Explanation The reason … Read more

IndentationError: Unindent Does Not Match Any Outer Indentation Level

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Summary: The error IndentationError: unindent does not match any outer indentation level arises if you use inconsistent indentation of tabs or whitespaces for indented code blocks such as the if block and the for loop. For example, Python will throw an indentation error, if you use a for loop with four whitespace characters indentation for the first line, and one tab character indentation of the second line … Read more

Difference Between exit() and sys.exit() in Python

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[toc] Problem: There are two similarly-named functions in Python, exit() and sys.exit(). What’s the difference between them, and when should I use one over the other? Introduction In contrast to programming languages like C, there is no main() method in Python. Thus, when we run a program in Python, we essentially execute all the code in the top-level … Read more

How To Fix TypeError: List Indices Must Be Integers Or Slices, Not ‘Str’?

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✯ Overview Problem: Fixing TypeError: list indices must be integers or slices, not str in Python. Example: The following code lists a certain number of transactions entered by the user. Output: Solution: Please go through this solution only after you have gone through the scenarios mentioned below. Bugs like these can be really frustrating! ? But, … Read more

How to Fix TypeError: Can’t Multiply Sequence by non-int of Type ‘float’ In Python?

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✯ Overview Problem: Fixing TypeError: Can’t Multiply Sequence by non-int of Type ‘float’ in Python. Example: Consider that you want to calculate the circumference of a circle using the radius entered by the user, as shown below. As you can see above, we encountered a TypeError while executing our code. Bugs like these can be … Read more

How to Fix “TypeError: len() of unsized object”

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Problem Formulation: How to fix the TypeError: len() of unsized object? TypeError: len() of unsized object There are many possible ways why this array may occur. One common pitfall is to use the len() function on a NumPy array with only one value. Example: Let’s consider the minimal example that creates this error message! Reason … Read more