💡 Gradient Descent: What is it? Where does it come from? And what the heck is it doing in my ANN? You can scroll through the slides as you watch this video here: This article aims to present the gradient descent algorithm in a light fashion, familiarizing new Machine Learning enthusiasts with this fundamental technique… … Read more
In this article, we will introduce one of the core elements describing the mathematics of neural networks: tensors. 🧬 Although typically, you won’t work directly with tensors (usually they operate under the hood), it is important to understand what’s going on behind the scenes. In addition, you may often wish to examine tensors so that … Read more
This tutorial gives you a simple introduction to Python’s NumPy library. You don’t need any prerequisites to follow the tutorial. My goal was to give a practical and fun NumPy introduction for absolute beginners with many examples. 💡 By reading through this tutorial, you will gain a basic understanding of the most important NumPy functionality. … Read more
Problem Formulation and Solution Overview In this article, you’ll learn how to create high-precision data types in Python. 💡 Definition: High-precision data types are numeric data types, such as integers, or floats, that use additional memory when complex mathematical calculations require extreme accuracy. 💬 Question: How would we write Python code to create high-precision data … Read more
A prerequisite for a Pearson correlation is normal distribution and metrical data. If your data is not normally distributed or you have variables with ordinal data (like grades, or a Likert scale or a ranked variable from “low” to “high”) you can still calculate a correlation with the Spearman rank correlation. This can be done … Read more
In Python, the numpy.gradient() function approximates the gradient of an N-dimensional array. It uses the second-order accurate central differences in the interior points and either first or second-order accurate one-sided differences at the boundaries for gradient approximation. The returned gradient hence has the same shape as the input array. Here is the argument table of … Read more
Factorial Definition and Example 💡 The factorial function n! calculates the number of permutations in a set. Say you want to rank three soccer teams Manchester United, FC Barcelona, and FC Bayern München — how many possible rankings exist? The answer is 3! = 3 x 2 x 1 = 6. Practical Example: Say, there … Read more
It’s not a secret that mathematics plays a vital role in almost every field. However, when it comes to programming, you’ll be surprised to know the math level you need. While it depends on the type of developer you want to be, you generally won’t be required to learn a lot of mathematics. However, keep … Read more
Summary: You can caculate the logistic sigmoid function in Python using: Problem: Given a logistic sigmoid function: If the value of x is given, how will you calculate F(x) in Python? Let’s say x=0.458. 💡 Note: Logistic sigmoid function is defined as (1/(1 + e^-x)) where x is the input variable and represents any real … Read more
Problem Formulation and Solution Overview In this article, you’ll learn how to calculate percentages of a numbers list (float or integer) in Python. Given: A Python list of numerical elements (float or integer), and A percentage value. Apply the percentage value to each list element and print the result to the Python shell. 15% to … Read more
With Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) functions in Python, it is easy to get a quick overview of a dataset. The EDA’s goal is the statistical summary and graphical visualization of a dataset. This will help to discover patterns, missing values and help to extract further information for statistical modeling. The first step in the data … Read more
Problem Formulation Given a Python list of integer or float numbers. How to calculate the median of a Python list? Formally, the median is “the value separating the higher half from the lower half of a data sample” (wiki). Note that the median is different to the mean or average as can be seen in … Read more