Syntax object.__matmul__(self, other) The Python __matmul__() method is called to implement the matrix multiplication operation @. For example to evaluate the expression x @ y, Python attempts to call x.__matmul__(y). We call this a “Dunder Method” for “Double Underscore Method” (also called “magic method”). To get a list of all dunder methods with explanation, check … Read more
Syntax object.__mul__(self, other) The Python __mul__() method is called to implement the arithmetic multiplication operation *. For example to evaluate the expression x * y, Python attempts to call x.__mul__(y). We call this a “Dunder Method” for “Double Underscore Method” (also called “magic method”). To get a list of all dunder methods with explanation, check … Read more
Syntax object.__sub__(self, other) Python’s object.__sub__(self, other) method returns a new object that represents the difference of two objects. It implements the subtraction operator – in Python. We call this a “Dunder Method” for “Double Underscore Method” (also called “magic method”). To get a list of all dunder methods with explanation, check out our dunder cheat … Read more
Syntax object.__add__(self, other) Python’s object.__add__(self, other) method returns a new object that represents the sum of two objects. It implements the addition operator + in Python. We call this a “Dunder Method” for “Double Underscore Method” (also called “magic method”). To get a list of all dunder methods with explanation, check out our dunder cheat … Read more
Syntax object.__abs__() Python’s object.__abs__() method returns the absolute value of the object and implements the built-in function abs(). The absolute value of any numerical input argument -x or +x is the corresponding positive value +x. However, you can overwrite the default behavior by defining a custom __abs__() method. We call this a “Dunder Method” for … Read more
When searching for a list of dunder methods with explanations, i.e., a cheat sheet on Python magic methods, I only found a couple of resources all over the web—each covering only a fraction of dunder methods. So, here’s my collection of 127 dunder methods (also called “magic methods”) from those sources, sorted alphabetically. I provide … Read more
Problem Formulation What’s the difference between the built-in dir() function and __dir__ dunder method in Python? Quick Answer Python’s built-in function dir(object) returns a list of the object’s attribute names and method names. The dir() function is a wrapper around the __dir__() method because it internally calls the object’s dunder method object.__dir__(). But the two … Read more
When searching for a list of dunder methods, I only found a couple of resources all over the web—each covering only a fraction of dunder methods. So, here’s my collection of 127 dunder methods (also called “magic methods”) from those sources, sorted alphabetically: __abs__ __add__ __aenter__ __aexit__ __aiter__ __and__ __anext__ __await__ __bool__ __bytes__ __call__ __ceil__ … Read more
A simple swap function in Python is generally considered a function that takes two initialized variables, a = val_a and b = val_b, and returns a result of a = val_b and b = val_a. The function accepts variables of arbitrary types, or more precisely, variables that are assigned with objects of arbitrary types. Although … Read more
If there is one subject in Python that creates confusion, it is that of generators. Generators are functions, but they have several differences from the ordinary functions you and I use daily. Today, we’ll be taking a gentle immersion into the world of generators to understand what they are, how they differ from ordinary functions, … Read more
Problem Formulation Given a Python dictionary containing lists and other data structures. You want to store the dictionary in a file or send it over the network in a more efficient form. How to serialize a Python dictionary into a string, and then deserialize the string back to a dictionary data structure? Here’s a rough … Read more
Problem Formulation You create a namedtuple object in your code and you want to overwrite one of the attribute values like you’re used to for normal objects: But, unexpectedly, Python raises an AttributeError: can’t set attribute. ? What can you do? ? Let’s understand the reason this error occurs—after that, you’ll learn the best fixes. … Read more