Python’s built-in type() function has two purposes. First, you can pass an object as an argument to check the type of this object. Second, you can pass three arguments—name, bases, and dict—to create a new type object that can be used to create instances of this new type. Usage Learn by example! Here’s an example … Read more
Python’s built-in object() function takes no argument and returns a new featureless object—the base and parent of all classes. As such it provides all methods that are common to all Python class instances such as __repr__() and other “dunder” methods. However, unlike for all non-object instances, you cannot assign arbitrary attributes to an instance of … Read more
Python’s built-in repr(obj) function returns the standard string representation of the provided object. This often includes the type and memory address of the object—for lack of further information. For example, the returned string representation may be ‘<main.Car object at 0x000001F66D11DBE0>’ for a custom object of type Car. The function internally calls the method obj.__repr__() which … Read more
Python’s built-in str(x) function converts the object x to a string using the x.__str__() method or, if non-existent, the repr(x) built-in function to obtain the string conversion. Syntax str() Syntax: str(object) # –> Most common case: convert an object to a string str(object=b”, encoding=’utf-8′, errors=’strict’) # –> Not so common case: Converts a bytes or … Read more
Python’s built-in round() function takes two input arguments: a number and an optional precision in decimal digits. It rounds the number to the given precision and returns the result. The return value has the same type as the input number—or integer if the precision argument is omitted. Per default, the precision is set to 0 … Read more
Python’s built-in issubclass(X, Y) function takes a class X and a class Y and returns True if the X is an instance of Y and otherwise False. The argument Y can also be a tuple in which case it checks whether X is a subclass of any class in the tuple—such as in issubclass(X, (class_1, … Read more
Python’s built-in reversed(sequence) function returns a reverse iterator over the values of the given sequence such as a list, a tuple, or a string. Usage Learn by example! Here are some examples of how to use the reversed() built-in function. The most basic use is on a Python list: You can see that the return … Read more
Python’s built-in isinstance(object, class) function takes an object and a class as input arguments. It returns True if the object is an instance of the class. Otherwise, it returns False. Instead of a class, you can also pass a tuple of classes to check if the object is an instance of any of the classes … Read more
Python’s built-in frozenset() function creates and returns a new frozenset object. A frozenset is an immutable set—so you cannot change the frozenset after creation and set methods such as add() or remove() don’t work on the frozenset. Without an argument, frozenset() returns an empty frozenset. With the optional argument, frozenset(iter) initializes the new frozenset with … Read more
Python’s built-in set() function creates and returns a new set object. A set is an unordered collection of unique elements. Without an argument, set() returns an empty set. With the optional argument, set(iter) initializes the new set with the elements in the iterable. Read more about sets in our full tutorial about Python Sets. Usage … Read more
A Quick Introduction To Tuples Python consists of 4 built-in data types that are used to store collections of data. These data types are: List Set Dictionary Tuple A tuple allows you to store multiple items within a single variable. Hence, it is a collection that is ordered and unchangeable/immutable. Also, tuples are heterogeneous as … Read more
The web is filled with shitty tutorials about Python’s formatting feature. At times, it can become really confusing—and it’s hard to see the forest for the trees. In this tutorial, I’ll try to gradually build a basic understanding of the built-in format() function, what it does, and how you can use it to become a … Read more