Pytest – How to Run Tests Efficiently

Pytest can offer various options that can increase your productivity when you test your code. Although Pytest provides sensible default settings, and you can use it out of the box, it will not offer a one-size-fits-all solution. As you continue writing tests, you will sooner or later start to look for ideas that can make … Read more

How to Fix UnicodeDecodeError when Reading CSV file in Pandas with Python?

[toc] Introduction In general, encoding means using a specific code for the letters, symbols, and numbers. Numerous encoding standards that are used for encoding a Unicode character. The most common ones are utf-8, utf-16, ISO-8859-1, latin, etc. For example, the character $ corresponds to U+0024 in utf-8 standard and the same corresponds to U+0024 in … Read more

What’s the Difference Between exit(0) and exit(1) in Python?

The function calls exit(0) and exit(1) are used to reveal the status of the termination of a Python program. The call exit(0) indicates successful execution of a program whereas exit(1) indicates some issue/error occurred while executing a program. What is the Exit Code? Let’s have a look at some examples to get a clear picture … Read more

The Pandas groupby() Method

In this tutorial, we will see what the Pandas groupby() method is and how we can use it on our datasets. Described in one sentence, the groupby() method is used to group our data and execute a function on the determined groups. It is especially useful to group a large amount of data and to … Read more

dir() versus __dir__() – What’s the Difference?

Problem Formulation What’s the difference between the built-in dir() function and __dir__ dunder method in Python? Quick Answer Python’s built-in function dir(object) returns a list of the object’s attribute names and method names. The dir() function is a wrapper around the __dir__() method because it internally calls the object’s dunder method object.__dir__(). But the two … Read more

How to Restart a Loop in Python?

Problem Formulation Given a Python loop and a logical condition. How to restart the loop if the condition is met? Solution 1: Reset While Loop The while loop checks a condition in order to determine whether the loop body should be executed or not. You can reset the condition to the initial value in order … Read more

How to Convert a String to a Dictionary in Python?

Problem Formulation Given a string representation of a dictionary. How to convert it to a dictionary? Input: ‘{“1”: “hi”, “2”: “alice”, “3”: “python”}’ Output: {‘a’: 1, ‘b’: 2, ‘c’: 3} Method 1: eval() The built-in eval() function takes a string argument, parses it as if it was a code expression, and evaluates the expression. If … Read more