Problem: Say, you’ve got a list of dictionaries:
[{'a': 0}, {'b': 1}, {'c': 2}, {'d': 3}, {'e': 4, 'a': 4}]Notice how the first and the last dictionaries carry the same key 'a'.
How do you merge all those dictionaries into a single dictionary to obtain the following one?
{'a': 4, 'b': 1, 'c': 2, 'd': 3, 'e': 4}Notice how the value of the duplicate key 'a' is the value of the last and not the first dict in the list of dicts.
To merge multiple dictionaries, the most Pythonic way is to use dictionary comprehension {k:v for x in l for k,v in x.items()} to first iterate over all dictionaries in the list l and then iterate over all (key, value) pairs in each dictionary.
Let’s explore all the available options in the remaining article:
Exercise: Run the code—which method generates a different output than all the other methods?
Table of Contents
Method 1: Dictionary Comprehension With Nested Context
You can use dictionary comprehension {k:v for x in l for k,v in x.items()} to first iterate over all dictionaries in the list l and then iterate over all (key, value) pairs in each dictionary.
- Create a new dictionary using the
{...}notation. - Go over all dictionaries in the list of dictionaries
lby using the outer loopfor x in l. - Go over all (key, value) pairs in the current dictionary
xby using thex.items()method that returns an iterable of (key, value) pairs. - Fill the new dictionary with (key, value) pairs
k:vusing the general dictionary comprehension syntax{k:v for ...}.
l = [{'a': 0}, {'b': 1}, {'c': 2}, {'d': 3}, {'e': 4, 'a': 4}]
d = {k:v for x in l for k,v in x.items()}
print(d)
# {'a': 4, 'b': 1, 'c': 2, 'd': 3, 'e': 4}This is the most Pythonic way to merge multiple dictionaries into a single one and it works for an arbitrary number of dictionaries.
Method 2: Simple Nested Loop
Use a simple nested loop to add each (key, value) pair separately to a newly created dictionary:
- Create a new, empty dictionary.
- Go over each dictionary in the list of dictionaries.
- Go over each (key, value) pair in the current dictionary.
- Add the (key, value) pair to the new dictionary—possibly overwriting “older” keys with the current one.
l = [{'a': 0}, {'b': 1}, {'c': 2}, {'d': 3}, {'e': 4, 'a': 4}]
d = {}
for dictionary in l:
for k, v in dictionary.items():
d[k] = v
print(d)
{'a': 4, 'b': 1, 'c': 2, 'd': 3, 'e': 4}You can visualize the execution flow of this code here:
This is the easiest to read for many beginner coders—but it’s much less concise and less Pythonic.
Method 3: Use the update() Method
The dict.update(x) method updates the dictionary on which it is called with a bunch of new (key, value) pairs given in the dictionary argument x. The method to merge multiple dictionaries is simple:
- Create a new, empty dictionary.
- Go over each dictionary in the list of dictionaries.
- Update the new dictionary with the values in the current dictionary.
l = [{'a': 0}, {'b': 1}, {'c': 2}, {'d': 3}, {'e': 4, 'a': 4}]
d = {}
for dictionary in l:
d.update(dictionary)
print(d)
# {'a': 4, 'b': 1, 'c': 2, 'd': 3, 'e': 4}This is a very readable and efficient way and it’s shorter than method 2.
Method 4: Dictionary Unpacking
When applied to a dictionary d, the double asterisk operator **d unpacks all elements in d into the outer dictionary. You can only use this “dictionary unpacking” method within an environment (in our case a dictionary) that’s capable of handling the (key, value) pairs.
Side note: Sometimes it’s also used for keyword arguments.
l = [{'a': 0}, {'b': 1}, {'c': 2}, {'d': 3}, {'e': 4, 'a': 4}]
d = {**l[0], **l[1], **l[2], **l[3], **l[4]}
print(d)
# {'a': 4, 'b': 1, 'c': 2, 'd': 3, 'e': 4}This is a concise, efficient, and Pythonic way to merge multiple dictionaries. However, it’s not optimal because you must manually type each unpacking operation. If the dictionary has 100 elements, this wouldn’t be feasible.
Note: you cannot use dictionary unpacking in dictionary comprehension to alleviate this problem—Python will throw a SyntaxError!
Method 5: Use ChainMap With Unpacking
If you’re not happy with either of those methods, you can also use the ChainMap data structure from the collections library.
l = [{'a': 0}, {'b': 1}, {'c': 2}, {'d': 3}, {'e': 4, 'a': 4}]
from collections import ChainMap
d = dict(ChainMap(*l))
print(d)
# {'e': 4, 'a': 0, 'd': 3, 'c': 2, 'b': 1}However, this does not exactly meet our specifications: the fifth dictionary in our collection does not overwrite the (key, value) pairs of the first dictionary. Other than that, it’s a fast way to merge multiple dictionaries and I wanted to include it here for comprehensibility.
Where to Go From Here?
Enough theory, let’s get some practice!
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While working as a researcher in distributed systems, Dr. Christian Mayer found his love for teaching computer science students.
To help students reach higher levels of Python success, he founded the programming education website Finxter.com. He’s author of the popular programming book Python One-Liners (NoStarch 2020), coauthor of the Coffee Break Python series of self-published books, computer science enthusiast, freelancer, and owner of one of the top 10 largest Python blogs worldwide.
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