If used without argument, Python’s built-in dir() function returns the function and variable names defined in the local scope—the namespace of your current module. If used with an object argument, dir(object) returns a list of attribute and method names defined in the object’s scope. Thus, dir() returns all names in a given scope.
Usage
Learn by example! Here are some examples of how to use the dir() built-in function.
Here’s the use without an argument:
alice = 22 bob = 42 print(dir())
It prints the implicitly and explicitly defined names in your module where you run this code:
['__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'alice', 'bob']
The last two values in the list are the names 'alice' and 'bob'.
The following code exemplifies the use of dir() with an object argument of class Car.
class Car:
speed = 100
color = 'black'
porsche = Car()
print(dir(porsche))
The class Car has two attributes. If you print the names of the porsche instance of the Car class, you obtain the following output:
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'color', 'speed']
The final two attributes are 'color' and 'speed', the ones you defined. There are many other names in the list with the double underscore (called dunder). These are the attribute and method names already defined implicitly by the Python environment for any object. For example, __str__ gives the default string representation of a given object.
Video dir()
Syntax dir()
Syntax:
dir() -> names defined in the local scope/namespace.
dir(object) -> names defined for the object. | Arguments | object | The object for which the names should be returned. |
| Return Value | list | Returns all names defined in the namespace of the specified object. If no object argument is given, it returns the names defined in the local namespace of the module in which you run the code. |
Interactive Shell Exercise: Understanding dir()
Consider the following interactive code:
Exercise: Guess the output before running the code. Do both cars, porsche and tesla, generate the same output?
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Using dir() on Modules
You can also use Python’s built-in dir() method on modules. For example, after importing the random module, you can pass it into the dir(random) function. This gives you all the names and functions defined in the module.
import random
print("The random module contains the following names: ")
print(dir(random))The output is the following:
The random module contains the following names: ['BPF', 'LOG4', 'NV_MAGICCONST', 'RECIP_BPF', 'Random', 'SG_MAGICCONST', 'SystemRandom', 'TWOPI', '_BuiltinMethodType', '_MethodType', '_Sequence', '_Set', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', '_acos', '_bisect', '_ceil', '_cos', '_e', '_exp', '_inst', '_itertools', '_log', '_os', '_pi', '_random', '_sha512', '_sin', '_sqrt', '_test', '_test_generator', '_urandom', '_warn', 'betavariate', 'choice', 'choices', 'expovariate', 'gammavariate', 'gauss', 'getrandbits', 'getstate', 'lognormvariate', 'normalvariate', 'paretovariate', 'randint', 'random', 'randrange', 'sample', 'seed', 'setstate', 'shuffle', 'triangular', 'uniform', 'vonmisesvariate', 'weibullvariate']
This way, you can quickly explore the contents of a module and which functions you may want to use in your own code!
Overwriting dir() with __dir__()
To customize the return value of the dir() function on a custom class, you can overwrite the __dir__() method and return the values to be returned. This way, you can hide names from the user or filter out only relevant names of your object.
class Car:
speed = 100
color = 'gold'
def __dir__(self):
return ['porsche', 'tesla', 'bmw']
tesla = Car()
print(dir(tesla))
The output is the nonsensical list of “names”:
['bmw', 'porsche', 'tesla']
Summary
There are two different use cases for the dir() function.
- If used without argument, Python’s built-in
dir()function returns the function and variable names defined in the local scope—the namespace of your current module. - If used with an object argument,
dir(object)returns a list of attribute and method names defined in the object’s scope.
Thus, dir() returns all names in a given scope.
Source: Documentation
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